The principle of confidentiality extends to all of the following EXCEPT the _____

a. researcher c. confederates
b. participants d. research assistants

B
The participants may be asked by the experimenter to refrain from discussing the experiment with others while data collection is still in progress, but this is not required by the APA's ethical principles. However, all individuals associated with the research project (researcher, confederates, and assistants) ARE required to hold the data gathered in strict confidence.