__________ decide(s) the outcome of disputed congressional elections.

Targeting media programming at specific populations within society is called __________

Fill in the blank with the correct words.

You have been asked to evaluate the effectiveness of a new anti-smoking campaign in a local high school. You are able to collect pretest information on smoking rates before the campaign begins

You know that the entire school will be required to participate in the campaign and so random assignment is impossible.You are also aware that a reduction in smoking after the campaign could be caused by any number of other confounding variables.What can you do in this situation to enhance your ability to determine if the campaign was effective in reducing smoking? a. test the students at the end of the campaign and then again a year later – if reductions in smoking remain at that time then you can be confident that the campaign was effective b. conduct extensive postexperimental interviews to determine the cause of any change in smoking rates c. identify a similar school that is not using the campaign and include them in a nonequivalent comparison group design d. interview parents of the students