In U.S. v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corporation et al., the court held that

a. the federal statutory act regulating migratory birds was constitutional.
b. the President had no constitutional powers to deal with other nations through an executive agreement.
c. Congress must be consulted on matters of the political question doctrine.
d. the President could not embargo any goods or armaments to foreign countries.
e. the President alone has the power to speak or listen as a representative of the nation.

E