Rita believes that she cannot change her destiny. She is exhibiting:

As discussed in the text, there are three types of beliefs that help people to function effectively in the social world, and that are often cast into doubt when people experience violent crimes or other traumas. Which statement is one of these?

a. "The world is just random." b. "Life is without meaning." c. "I deserve what I get." d. "I am a good person."

Juan, a psychologist, is studying participants' perceptions of the attractiveness of several deodorants in a laboratory. However, as he conducts his study, people are cooking their lunches in the cafeteria nearby, and the smells of onions and fish are making their way into the laboratory. Juan should stop his experiment for the day because the odors of the food is most likely a

A. placebo. B. nocebo. C. control variable. D. confounding variable.