Samuel, a 75-year-old man, repeatedly wakes up during the night gasping for breath. This happens because he stops breathing while he's asleep. Samuel is most likely suffering from:

Milgram asked individuals to administer shocks to a fellow participant as part of a "learning" task. He found that people are

A) motivated to perform better when they are punished. B) likely to deliver harmful shocks in order to release pent-up aggression. C) likely to deliver painful shocks in obedience to authority. D) not likely to follow the orders of an authority when this means harming another person.

Pain avoidance is unusual among the biological drives because it is

a. episodic rather than cyclic. b. not affected by attitudes and learning. c. characterized by goal-seeking. d. characterized by all of these.