Researchers who study scientific thinking among trained and untrained adolescents and adults find that one of the most difficult aspects of science for people understand is that
a. scientific knowledge is constructed by humans by collecting data and revising theories rather than discovering a hidden truth.
b. hypotheses need to be tested by collecting evidence.
c. one needs to cite evidence in support of one’s theory.
d. in any particular scientific question, some variables are causal and some are non-causal.
Answer: a. scientific knowledge is constructed by humans by collecting data and revising theories rather than discovering a hidden truth.
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When a researcher directly controls or manipulates changes in the independent variable by exposing participants to the treatment conditions,
A) she is conducting a correlational study. B) cause-and-effect relationships can be detected. C) the correlational coefficient should be zero. D) she is using a technique called matching.