Which of the following is NOT an element used in establishing a "totality of circumstances" test?
A. a history of official discrimination
B. a record of racial polarization in voting
C. unusually small election districts
D. the extent to which minorities have been adversely affected by local government decisions
C
Political Science
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Relatively new forms of citizen interaction with government include all of the following EXCEPT ________
A. government access cable television stations B. door-to-door campaigning C. citizen academies D. interactive Web sites
Political Science
Along with Karl Marx, which individual wrote The Communist Manifesto that first set out the ideas later known as Marxism?
a. Vladimir Lenin b. Josef Stalin c. Friedrich Engels d. Leon Trotsky e. Mao Zedong
Political Science