Black markets only exist in developing nations

The multiplier is calculated as the

A) change in autonomous expenditure/ change in real GDP. B) change in real GDP/ change in induced spending. C) change in real GDP/ change in autonomous expenditure. D) change in nominal GDP/ change in autonomous expenditure.

Which statement about the total variable cost curve is true?

a. It begins at the origin and increases before decreasing again. b. The total variable cost curve is the same at all levels of output. c. The total variable cost curve is increasing but at a decreasing rate. d. It begins at the origin and is always increasing. e. There is no such thing as a total variable cost curve.