Seligman (1974) attributes depressive disorders to
a. the cognitive factor of learned helplessness.
b. an optimistic explanatory style vulnerability.
c. self-rumination.
d. a causal link with explanatory style.
A
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Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of the dogs, and they began to salivate. Pavlov's student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student's footsteps. The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a _______
a) primary reinforcer. b) positive reinforcer. c) conditioned response. d) secondary reinforcer.
You are interested in studying the potential changes in intelligence over the lifespan. You have selected 250 people who are currently two years old and you plan to assess them every five years for 40 years
What type of study are you planning on conducting? a. Quasi-experimental b. Ethnographic c. Longitudinal d. Cross-sectional