What literary term applies to this dramatic device?

Why did African painter Chris Ofili support The Holy Virgin Mary on two balls of elephant dung?

a. The dried and varnished dung made sturdy mounts. b. Dried elephant dung is considered good luck in Africa. c. He wanted to make himself more known through controversy. d. In Zimbabwe, elephant dung is viewed as a fertility symbol.

During the eleventh century, Byzantium gave special trade status to this city, which allowed it to control much of the commerce between the Eastern Empire and Western Europe

a. Rome b. Kiev c. Venice d. Milan