Where did U.S. parties first arise? Why did they prove necessary in this setting? Why did parties spread from there to other areas of politics?

Suppose you are a successful homebuilder with many employees, and like other builders, your company will soon face a burdensome new regulation: in order to help keep the air and water clean, construction companies will now be required to capture or minimize the airborne dust and also contaminated run-off from construction projects (such as that created by rains). Like your peers (who are also represented through a strong and well-funded builder's association), you would like to avoid this costly new requirement. You believe it will cause you to lay off employees to cover these new costs. How might you try to go about trying to undo what has already become law?

What will be an ideal response?

What is common law?

a. the accumulation of judicial decisions about legal issues b. laws passed by legislatures c. disputes between two parties d. issues capable of being settled as a matter of law