If an individual joins the Sierra Club in order to work toward protecting public lands from mining and drilling, he or she would be joining due to which of the following incentives?

________ are organizations set up by private groups such as businesses or labor unions to influence the political process by raising funds from their members

a. Political executive bureaucracies b. Congressional committees c. Affiliates d. Caucuses e. Political action committees

A recent public opinion poll found that 47% of respondents approve of the job the president is doing. Subsequent polls found approval ratings of 46%, 48%, and 49%. Based upon this we can say the questions in the poll are what kind of measurement of presidential job approval?

a. Valid b. Reliable c. Fair d. Random