In operant conditioning, a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response is called a __________

Vanessa, who is African American, felt that her performance on the entrance exam was being judged by the standard of a negative stereotype when she was told by the assistant principal that White candidates performed 20% better. This is known as

a. stereotype threat. b. bias threat. c. racial threat. d. prejudicial threat. e. negative threat.

A crucial aspect for those in the field of developmental psychopathology is understanding individual maladaptation __________.

A. as a phenomenon that is no different in children than in adults B. as a disease process C. in the context of normal developmental changes D. in a cultural context that determines what is acceptable behavior