The reform attempt during the mid-1950s that supposedly would encourage intellectuals to voice their concerns was the

Which of the following is NOT an unofficial actor in policymaking?

a. Citizens b. Think tanks c. Supreme Court justices d. Political parties e. The media

According to the logic of the tragedy of the commons as described in Hardin's piece, why will herdsmen keep adding cattle to the pasture even if they realize that the results will be disastrous?

a. They are not behaving rationally. b. It is in their rational self-interest as individuals to do so. c. They cannot understand the consequences of their actions. d. They are not in possession of all the information they need to make a more rational decision.