External validity refers to:
a. measuring the results of a behavior, rather than the behavior itself
b. any research result obtained using noninvasive observation procedures
c. effectively controlling any potentially confounding variables in an experiment
d. how well the results of an observation will generalize to other situations
D
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How does experimental neurosis differ from learned helplessness?
a) Experimental neurosis involves exposure to small adversities that can be overcome initially, whereas learned helplessness involves exposure to large adversities that cannot be overcome b) Experimental neurosis involves infrequent and unpredictable exposure to aversive events, whereas learned helplessness involves repeated exposure to events that are predictable but uncontrollable c) Experimental neurosis involves frequent exposure to major stimuli that will be unpredictably positive or negative, whereas learned helplessness involves sudden extinction of reinforcements desirable behaviors d) Experimental neurosis involves exposure to positive stimuli that is predictable and frequent, whereas learned helplessness involves infrequent and unpredictable exposure to negative stimuli
If cognitive stage means attaining a new set of intellectual abilities, then adulthood has no stages
Indicate whether this statement is true or false.