According to the qualified immunity doctrine, the paramedic can be held liable only if:

A) he or she volunteers as a paramedic and receive no remuneration for his or her medical services.
B) the medical care that he or she provided was not consistent with what a physician would have provided.
C) he or she was not employed by a governmental entity at the time an incident or violation occurred.
D) the plaintiff proves that the paramedic violated a clearly established law about which he or she should have known.

Answer: D) the plaintiff proves that the paramedic violated a clearly established law about which he or she should have known.