Diminishing marginal productivity implies decreasing total product

Which of the following does not increase (i.e., shift) the supply curve of real loanable funds?

a. Open market purchases of government securities by the central bank. b. An increase in the discount rate. c. A reduction in the reserve ratio by the central bank. d. A reduction in the preferred asset ratio for currency in circulation (C/D), due to a shift in household preferences. e. All of the above increase the supply.

A common feature(s) of the early years of transition

a. Recession b. Hyperinflation c. Creation of democracy d. Macroeconomic stability e. A and b