Which of the following is the least effective method of apprehending a hostage taker?

Changing beliefs about the prevalence of smoking in young people

a) appears to be an effective strategy in delaying the onset of smoking. b) has shown little promise in delaying the onset of smoking. c) actually increases smoking in young people. d) is less effective than resistance training, such as DARE.

To evaluate possible "bias" in a single test item, what evidence do psychologists examine?

a. If people take the same test twice, how many of them change their answer on this item? b. Is the item among the easiest for one group and among the hardest for another? c. Do most people answer the question correctly or incorrectly? d. What percentage of all people fail to answer the question at all?