Shifts in aggregate demand affect the price level in
a. the short run but not in the long run.
b. the long run but not in the short run.
c. both the short and long run.
d. neither the short nor long run.
c
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Which of the following is not a valid criticism of discretionary fiscal policy? a. The implementation of fiscal policy is sometimes difficult
b. Time lags in fiscal policy are long. c. Fiscal policy works only during periods of stagflation. d. Fiscal policy often affects only current income, but many economic decisions are made on the basis of permanent income. e. Fiscal policy might have undesirable long-term effects on aggregate supply.
A fundamental source of monopoly market power arises from
a. perfectly elastic demand. b. perfectly inelastic demand. c. barriers to entry. d. availability of "free" natural resources, such as water or air.