Which of the following is generally a fixed cost?

The Grangers were the first farm organization of importance and are noted for

a. encouraging the federal government to re-issue "greenbacks.". b. establishing cooperatives that sold farm and consumer goods to their members. c. refusing to sell grain to foreign countries. d. forming a cartel that set upper limits on members' output of basic farm products. e. All of the above.

Balance of payments surpluses arise whenever the exchange rate is pegged at an artificially low level.

Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)