Suppose Jonah and Carlos have a contract, which Carlos chooses to breach. Jonah sues, and a court orders Carlos to pay him the amount he expected to gain at the time they made the contract, net of any amount he actually did receive after the breach. The form of payment which the court specifies in this example is called:

If the coefficient a in the new classical expression for short-run aggregate supply were equal to zero,

A) aggregate output would always be at its full-employment level. B) the short-run aggregate supply curve would slope down. C) the short-run aggregate supply curve would be a horizontal line. D) aggregate output would only differ from its full-employment level if the actual price level did not equal the expected price level.

During fiscal year 2012, the most recent mentioned in the text, the federal government spent approximately

a. $1.7 billion b. $1.9 trillion c. $3.7 trillion d. $14.0 trillion