Which type of emotion can be best explained as "facing an immediate and concrete danger"?

At one point of time, courts consistently held charitable gifts to be ____, that is, "beyond the law," because the charters prevalent during that time did not expressly permit them.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

With marketing research you can find out:

a. Where your customers shop b. What they consider a fair price c. How large of a market you have d. All of the above