During economic downturns, ______ is the first to be cut.

a. welfare spending
b. discretionary spending
c. entitlement spending
d. employee spending

b. discretionary spending

Political Science

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In considering whether the independent variable was responsible for observed changes in the dependent variable, the type of validity that we would be addressing is

A) external validity. B) internal validity. C) construct validity. D) statistical validity.

Political Science

Which pair of independent and dependent variables cannot reasonably be reversed?

a. race (independent) and annual income (dependent) b. annual income (independent) and level of education (dependent) c. weekly TV consumption (independent) and party affiliation (dependent) d. weekly TV consumption (independent) and level of education (dependent)

Political Science