Encoding failure is often the reason some memories cannot be retrieved, because they were never actually encoded in the first place

Research shows some of the relationship costs that arise when adolescents strive for independence. Still, adolescents' conflicts with their parents often do not lead to harmful consequences. Smetana et al. (2006) report that most adolescents

a. are able to use their parents as ready sources of practical and emotional support. b. do not use their parents as ready sources of practical and emotional support. c. feel that their parents are indifferent to them. d. feel that their parents simply do not understand them.

Most adopted children ________.

A. fare well despite the risks associated with their more problematic childhood experiences B. have persistent social problems linked to insensitive parenting C. are less intelligent than their biological relatives D. have persistent cognitive problems associated with preadoption environmental influences