Which of the following is a disadvantage of an application gateway?
A) It can filter only based on an IP address.
B) It cannot perform individual user authentication.
C) It consumes a lot of system resources.
D) It does not know what application sent the packets.
C) It consumes a lot of system resources.
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What will be an ideal response?
Which decision tree is better, according to the MDL principle?
Consider the decision trees shown in Figure 4.3. Assume they are generated from a data set that contains 16 binary attributes and 3 classes, C1, C2, and C3. Compute the total description length of each decision tree according to the minimum description length principle. • The total description length of a tree is given by: Cost(tree, data) = Cost(tree) + Cost(data|tree). • Each internal node of the tree is encoded by the ID of the splitting attribute. If there are m attributes, the cost of encoding each attribute is log2 m bits. • Each leaf is encoded using the ID of the class it is associated with. If there are k classes, the cost of encoding a class is log2 k bits. • Cost(tree) is the cost of encoding all the nodes in the tree. To simplify the computation, you can assume that the total cost of the tree is obtained by adding up the costs of encoding each internal node and each leaf node. • Cost(data|tree) is encoded using the classification errors the tree com- mits on the training set. Each error is encoded by log2 n bits, where n is the total number of training instances.