Minority tax payers were considered the winners in the Trump's tax reform policy.

Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)

1. In designing either a program or a policy, we must describe who does what to whom, in what order, how much, and how often 2. Program or policy evaluation should be designed after implementation has occurred 3. Creating comparison groups for program evaluations can minimize the effects of confounding factors 4. Meta-analysis is a method for creating comparison groups 5. After examining 500+ program evaluations/studies in 1997, the University of Maryland Report concluded that there were NOT sufficient number of credible program/policy evaluations that can provide proper guidance on how to deal with crime

A variable that is a cause of both the independent and dependent variables in a study is called a ______.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).