An individual who usually says "It's all my fault" when anything goes wrong is reflecting the ________ characteristic of the depressive attributional style.

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about memory in elderly adults, as opposed to younger adults?

a. Kanako: "Elderly adults are much more likely to have decreased frontal-lobe activation." b. Stacey: "Elderly adults often have more trouble paying attention." c. Curtis: "Elderly adults have much more trouble using strategies to enhance their performance on long-term memory tasks." d. Juan: "Elderly adults have much more trouble on implicit memory tasks."

Why is it unwise to conclude that if two variables are correlated, one must have caused the other?

a. Variables can never be measured with complete accuracy. b. Any single variable is bound to have multiple causes. c. Some unmeasured third variable might make them appear related when in fact they are not. d. It is impossible to conclude that two variables are related unless one can measure them perfectly.