A patient being monitored by capnography exhibits a sudden rise in end-tidal CO2 levels. Which of the following are possible causes?
1. Sudden release of a tourniquet
2. Massive pulmonary embolism
3. Sudden increase in cardiac output
4. Injection of NaHCO3
a. 2 and 3 only
b. 1, 3, and 4 only
c. 2, 3, and 4 only
d. 1, 2, 3, and 4
ANS: B
Table 19-8 differentiates between the causes of high and low PETCO2 readings by the sudden-ness of the change.
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