The model of illness that contrasts with the purely biological cause of an infectious agent or internal physical breakdown is the

The free response format, as opposed to multiple choice, is characterized by

a) increased difficulty in scoring b) high variability in examinees' responses c) a depth of thought not otherwise detectable d) all of the above

Luigi knows that the surgeon general has determined that smoking increases the risk of various types of cancers, but he is sure that he won't develop cancer. Luigi's pattern of behavior illustrates the idea that

a. many health-impairing habits creep up on us. b. people tend to rationalize high-risk behaviors by pointing out healthy habits that offset their unhealthy habits. c. people often underestimate the risks associated with their own health impairing behavior. d. people believe the risks associated with health-impairing habits are overstated by media sources.