In Benjamin Barber's book, Jihad Versus McWorld, "jihad" refers to

a. an extreme form of the blending of identity politics with the concept of self-determinism.
b. people interested in politics who feel disconnected from the political system.
c. the idea that differences in core beliefs between young and old exist because people become more conservative as they grow older.
d. people who have little knowledge of their political system and thus no desire to participate.
e. families and small social organizations providing economic protection and distribute social goods to individuals rather than the state furnishing such protections.

A