An income qualification program that determines whether one is eligible for benefits under government programs reserved for lower income groups is ___________

In Everson v. Board of Education, New Jersey's reimbursement of parents for costs incurred in transporting their children by bus to and from parochial schools was

a. held constitutional under the "student benefit" theory. b. invalidated as a violation of the principle of separation of church and state. c. held not to present an establishment clause question. d. held to constitute excessive entanglement between government and religion.

Why did the Supreme Court strike down an affirmative action program in Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) but uphold a different affirmative action program in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)?

a. The Gratz program was predicated on promoting diversity, while the Grutter program was predicated on remedying past discrimination. b. The Gratz program used race as a "plus factor," while the Grutter program relied on a race-based quota system. c. The Gratz program used a mechanical, point-based system, while the Grutter program used race as part of an individualized, holistic review. d. The Gratz program classified applicants by race, while the Grutter program classified applicants by ethnicity.