Which Japanese practice does NOT have origins in Chinese culture?

Sometimes, musical theatre composers were not trained in music, not even able to read music, including which of the following composers?

a. Irving Berlin b. Cole Porter c. Victor Herbert d. George Gershwin e. All of the above

Money donated by _____ was an important financial resource for monasteries

A) pilgrims? B) ?abbots C) ?peasants D) ?merchants