Why is it important to make sure that different participant groups are roughly equivalent in terms of personal characteristics (e.g., age, gender) before any independent variable is introduced?
a. Because it is important to treat all research participants equally so that they feel that they are not being manipulated.
b. Because research ethics forbid any experiment to take place when the participant groups are fundamentally different from each other.
c. So that no major differences between the groups unduly bias the results of the experiment.
d. Because it threatens the integrity of a within-group experimental design.
Answer: C
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Sigmund Freud utilized the _____ to study the very unique situation involving Little Hans, a young boy who developed a fear of horses.
A)experimental method B)correlational method C)quasi-experimental method D)case study
Kono takes her one-year-old son, Chin Ho, to visit an infant-toddler program that he will soon join. Chin Ho appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with toys, even though Kono is close by. When Kono leaves the room, Chin Ho becomes extremely upset and remains that way all the time his mother is gone. When Kono returns, Chin Ho stays close to his mother, but makes it clear he
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