An election system that awards legislative seats to each party approximately equal to its popular voting strength is called

Experimenter expectancy is

A) the expectation of participant bias. B) the bias due to nonrandom assignment of participants. C) the hopes of the researcher for no confounding variables. D) the potential biasing effect of the researcher.

The vast majority of all civil and criminal cases

A) begin and end in state courts. B) involve federal law, but are tried in state courts. C) begin and end in federal courts. D) begin in state courts and are appealed to federal courts. E) involve state laws that are tried in federal courts.