Why does decentralization create problems?
a. limited competition discouraging technical efficiency
b. implementation problems arising from separation of powers and multiple levels
c. democracy provides a mechanism for correcting the worst collective decisions
d. fiscal conservatives engaging in "sophisticated voting"
Answer: b. implementation problems arising from separation of powers and multiple levels
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Ramon determines that in his neighborhood "amount of ice cream consumed" and "number of violent crimes" are positively correlated -- the more ice cream consumed, the more crimes are committed
He concludes that something in ice cream leads people to commit violent crimes. What has Ramon overlooked? a. the "third variable" problem as some other variable could lead to an increase in both ice cream consumption and violent crime b. the reactive effect as the people in his neighborhood were probably aware that he was observing them, and altered their behavior toward what they thought he wanted to see c. his observations are qualitative and therefore inappropriate d. he collected his data only after-the-fact
Which of the following prevents states from using their powers to thwart national policy?
A. The supremacy clause B. The necessary and proper clause C. The general welfare clause D. The federalist clause E. The expressed powers clause