The Iranian political faction that promotes economic development

Why is the percentage of Texans who vote significantly smaller than the percentage of Americans in general who vote?

a. Institutions of political socialization in Texas do not promote voting. b. Voting levels tend to be lower in states lacking competitive party systems. c. The poverty rate in Texas is high and the poor tend not to vote. d. The state's African American and Mexican American citizens are less likely to vote than Whites. e. All of the above are factors.

________ are autonomous factors that come from outside a theoretical model or system and that cannot be explained by the system.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).