If actual reserves are 100 when deposits are 400, then definitely the desired reserve ratio is 0.25

Which might be a possible reason a cable television operator want to bundle channels together in packages ("tiers")?

a. delivering many channels to the consumer is not much more costly than delivering a few. b. simplifies the consumer's choice and perhaps lowers administrative costs. c. allows the firm to extract revenue from a consumer even if it does not know exactly which channels the consumer likes the most.. d. all of the above.

If total production (TP) is greater than total expenditures (TE), it follows that

A) producers have produced more than individuals buy. B) optimum inventory levels rise. C) firms have underproduced. D) actual inventory levels unexpectedly rise. E) a and d