Bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) is used for which of the following purposes?
1. Nocturnal ventilatory support of chronic disease patients
2. Preventing intubation of patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
3. Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the home
4. Providing ventilatory support for patients with status asthmaticus
a. 1 and 3 only
b. 1, 2, and 3 only
c. 3 and 4 only
d. 2, 3, and 4 only
ANS: B
Although it was originally developed to enhance the capabilities of home CPAP systems used for management of OSA, BiPAP has since been successfully used in the home and the hospital for noninvasive ventilatory support of patients with acute and chronic respiratory failure. BiPAP has been found to be useful in the prevention of intubation in acute exacerbation of COPD.
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Which of the following are contraindications for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy? 1. Hemodynamic instability 2. Hypoventilation 3. Facial trauma 4. Low intracranial pressures
a. 1 and 3 only b. 2 and 3 only c. 1, 2, and 3 only d. 2, 3, and 4 only
The normal rhythm of the heart has P waves that are
A) often hidden inside QRS complexes. B) upright, matching, and precede the QRS complex. C) multiple in number, preceding the QRS complex. D) variable in shape and location.