In the 23rd pair, a normal girl has:

In lecture, Dr. Heyman discussed her research on parents' lying. She emphasized the point that:

a. one challenge in this research is figuring out what should and should not be classified as a lie (e.g., claims about Santa Claus) b. both experimental and observational studies suggest that a high rate of parental lying to children is associated with a range of negative outcomes for children (e.g., children's willingness to cheat in games with peers) c. both experimental and observational studies suggest that a high rate of parental lying to children for prosocial reasons is associated with positive outcomes for children (e.g., children's willingness to share toys with peers) d. Parents who teach their children about the importance of honesty are less likely to lie to them even when lies are of minimal consequence (e.g., telling a child she had done a good job cleaning up when she really made the mess worse)

After the outcome is known, people often have distorted thinking about their original expectations due to

a. confirmation bias. b. hindsight bias. c. representativeness heuristic. d. availability heuristic. e. their prototypes.