The tendency to misidentify computer-generated text messages as coming from a human is known as the __________ effect.

There is a growing trend among psychologists to have interests and beliefs that

a. include aspects of two or more traditional approaches. b. are related to the environmental effects on behavior. c. were once considered pseudoscience. d. cannot be studied using empirical methods.

Peggy wanted to teach her dog how to roll over. She tried giving him instructions, but it didn't work. She tried waiting for him to roll over so she could reinforce the behavior, but she had to go to bed before the dog rolled

Finally, she began reinforcing the dog when it made behaviors that more closely resembled rolling over. At last, using _______, she was able to teach the dog to do the trick. a. shaping b. positive reinforcement c. positive reinforcers d. secondary reinforcers