______ refers to an agency setting forth broad standards that apply to all persons and organizations meeting certain guidelines.

What is the status of affirmative action in college admissions after the Supreme Court decisions in the two cases involving the University of Michigan, Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) and Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)?

a. Affirmative action policies are generally permissible, but they cannot involve race-based quotas or numerical point systems. b. Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the university can demonstrate the need to promote racial tolerance. c. Affirmative action policies are assumed to be constitutional unless an applicant can demonstrate that race affected the admissions decision. d. Affirmative action policies must ensure that all racial and ethnic groups are represented in accordance with the population of the nation as a whole. e. All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor some people over others based on the color of their skin.

In the United States, the institution that provides information and assessments to the president's director of national intelligence and the president directly is called the __________.

A. Central Intelligence Agency B. Intelligence Advisory Board C. National Security Council D. Executive Office of the President