What format do some personality tests use because it requires an absolute judgment?

A middle-aged individual shows many of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and at the same time often appears profoundly depressed. The symptoms have lasted almost a year. This is an example of:

A) shared psychotic disorder. B) undifferentiated type of schizophrenia. C) schizophreniform disorder. D) schizoaffective disorder.

Biological and environmental challenges shared by black, but not white, adolescents are examples of

A) sociocultural-graded influences. B) age-graded influences. C) nonnormative life events. D) history-graded influences.