Deirdre used to be shy and unwilling to speak out in class. Last semester, she was in a class that involved a lot of discussion groups, and she found that her classmates were willing to listen attentively to her ideas and often asked her for input when the discussion bogged down. Now Deirdre is more outspoken and confident during class discussions. Based on principles of operant conditioning,

Which of the following is true about phonemic competence?

a) It outlines permissible and non-permissible sound combinations b) It is formally taught in primary school. c) It includes explicit rules that most speakers can articulate. d) It is the same in every language.

If a person with dementia is taught to influence memory performance by repeatedly practicing various skills, such as using the microwave oven, relying on external cues and mnemonic strategies to drive memory, increasing social interaction, and simplifying his/her environment so that less needs to be remembered, he/she is involved with

a. localization training. b. anti-nursing home training. c. memory training. d. mnemonic memory training.