In the mainstream view, the economic instability brought about by "oil shocks" works through changes in:

One difference between a policy of direct spending by the government on research and development and an alternative policy of tax incentives to encourage private spending on R&D is ________

A) the former improves the productivity of R&D, while the latter raises its level B) the former requires a decrease in national saving, while the latter causes an increase C) the former raises the level of R&D spending, while the latter also improves its productivity D) the former requires an increase in national saving, while the latter causes a decrease

Saving endangered species

A) benefits all people in society without any trade-off. B) must involve the loss of another species. C) may involve a trade-off in terms of the loss of other economic activities. D) requires the government to list those species as common property.