Dr. Leung is trying to help his students understand the core principle underlying Vygotsky's zone of proximal development and Fischer's developmental range. What word should the professor use to reflect both concepts?

Many students dread public speaking so they do not give oral presentations or take speech classes. This is an example of __________

a) avoidance learning. b) learned helplessness. c) extinction learning. d) generalized learning.

Among those over 65, widows outnumber widowers three to one

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.