Which of these "sins of memory" is not like the others?

Following a response with the termination of a negative reinforcer defines

(a) partial reinforcement (b) punishment (c) negative reinforcement (d) partial reinforcement (e) discrimination training

When the field of lifespan developmental psychology began to thrive, and with it the study of young, middle, and late adulthood, the area of _________________was developed. Rather than creating a new stage of more complex logical reasoning, ________________are generally described as a series of stages that emphasize the integration of emotions, social context, paradoxes, intuition, and subjectivity with logical and abstract processing, as well as highlighting the many uncertainties and unknowns that are often a part of major life situations.

a) postformal operations b) self-appraisals c) cognitive stages d) identity formations