Carol Gilligan (1982/1993) claimed the existence of a certain kind of bias in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning. However, research conducted in early 2000s found little support for Gilligan's claim and she has since modified her position. Which of the following statements strengthens Gilligan's initial claim?
A. Kohlberg's theory ignored the reasoning underlying a person's response to a moral dilemma to determine the stage of moral development.
B. Kohlberg's theory overemphasized the importance of authoritative parents in stimulating children to reason at higher levels.
C. Kohlberg's theory was racist, and its interpretation varied with varying cultures and ethnicities.
D. Kohlberg's theory expected women to prioritize the virtue of care and harm avoidance over justice.
Answer: D
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According to your authors, the most pervasive and serious challenge to Kohlberg's theory is that:
A) it is too limited. B) it is biased against females. C) it explains the behavior of children but not adults. D) it is not true across cultures.