Cable and satellite TV, fax, e-mail, and the Internet?the media that have grown out of the technological advances of the past few decades—are collectively referred to as

A lesser punishment in the Congress than expulsion is official __________

Fill in the blank with the right word.

In a case between a large grocery vendor and the Federal Trade Commission, entities sympathetic to the vendor who are not official parties to the suit file supporting briefs for the vendor’s position. This is known as

a. amicus curiae. b. a writ of mandamus. c. certiorari. d. stare decisis. e. infringement.