Which of the following is NOT one of Gruning’s four models of public relations?

This president and his advisers raised the manipulation of television news, begun in the Kennedy administration, to a fine art:

a) Richard Nixon; b) Gerald Ford; c) Jimmy Carter; d) Ronald Reagan; e) George H.W. Bush

Arguing with an audience with whom the advocate has a shared history means he or she ______.

a. is held to a lower standard of proof b. is able to select relevant examples c. will enjoy greater credibility d. can expect affirmation