The layer cake analogy, in which there is a clear distinction between the powers and responsibilities of the different levels of government, is most applicable to

Which of the following is not one of the circumstances that must prevail for an international crisis to exist?

a. High priority goals of an actor must be threatened. b. A limited amount of time is available before action must be taken. c. The situation must be for the most part unanticipated. d. The situation must escalate into armed conflict.

As Congress passes legislation which authorizes action to be taken to address a problem, it completes the fourth step of public policy-making known as

A) ?policy enactment. B) ?policy implementation. C) ?policy formulation. D) ?problem identification. E) ?policy evaluation.